Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Fallacies Exercise Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fallacies Exercise Assignment - Essay Example After analyzing the discourse, it is one’s contention that the fallacies were committed in terms of: attacking Kingsley Guy’s arguments as without merit; even asserting in the title that Kingsley Guy was wrong about the climate. Further arguments show fallacies in post hoc when the author argued that computer models are less than perfect and therefore these models which they use to predict hurricane paths have been imperfect all along. Finally, the slippery slope fallacy was exemplified in the second paragraph claims that the subsequent sets of using five or six predicted paths in climate modeling were used despite their imperfections, yet in the end, the author blames global warming to men. The GOP makes no secret of what it would do if we elect a Republican president. Some Republican governors have already implemented their plans, cutting teachers, police and firefighters and trying to do away with their unions. They have never done anything to benefit the middle class. They are strictly for the wealthy. [Post Hoc].They would love to privatize everything. Privatization equals profit. They should not be allowed to profit from necessary programs like Social Security and Medicare. I cannot believe that their candidate could win on the platform they propose. President Obama has received no cooperation from the Republican members of Congress, yet he gets the blame for everything wrong in this country. He is not a king. He cannot operate alone. The Republicans know this, and they voted against all his proposals every time. We dont need a political party in charge that puts party ahead of country and admits its aim is to make Obama a one-term president. This article presents one post hoc fallacy that aimed to exemplify that event b (Republicans are for the wealthy) happened prior to event a (they never do anything to benefit the middle class); therefore being for

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Challenges to Maritime Security in Southeast Asia

Challenges to Maritime Security in Southeast Asia Lt Mohd Fadhil bin Ahmad Southeast Asia: The Current Challenges of Maritime Security Introduction Since ancient times, the control (or to have at least some forms of control) over the lucrative waterways has always been the ambition of littoral states as well as those with vested and specific interests. The reasons can be abundance, such as that for the purpose of facilitating peaceful trade and commercial, or nations or empire’s expansion or projection of power and influence, or for gaining quick wealth through a less peaceful means of piracy. With everyone going for a slice of cake, it then resulted in disputes, conflicts and even war and some are still unresolved until today. Back to the present, littoral states or these adjacent to Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOC) are now not only faced with tall order of keeping of SLOC safe for navigation and secured of threats, which most often than not are mostly non-traditional in nature, but are also pressured by extra regional and international â€Å"interested parties† to do so, as such are made preoccupied in keeping these â€Å"interested parties† at bay, i.e. from interfering. Littoral states are expected to ensure safety and security as their responsibilities, on their own effort and with heavy financial cost, without any modality of burden sharing through international funding. But, the question then, do they (the littoral states) really want any forms of funding with the terms and conditions which can be interpreted as external interference? Especially, when international users have already considered the Malacca Straits for an example as an international sea lane with their rights of usage. Apart from these threats and the conflict of interest, this strategic outlook or landscape can also be looked upon as having its own opportunities at the same time. Although the factors that shape these opportunities are mainly driven by economic gain, the aspect of security interests could lead to other mutual beneficial partnership. A lot has been said on the needs for collaboration or joint efforts with regard to maintaining the safety and security of our immediate waters which include from the north-west of the Indian Ocean-Andaman, down to the Straits of Malacca and the Straits of Singapore, and up to the South China Sea as well as the adjacent seas, oceans and waters. Has this SLOC not attracted enough attention with regard to the availability of both threats/challenges and opportunities? In this regard, have we not seen the rising numbers of piracy at the Straits of Malacca before, in the early 2000s of the increased traffics and trades that play this SLOC (from 56,000 ships in year 2000 to 73000 in 2011 for ship of more than 300 GRT)? Has this situation not attracted influential players-major military and economic powers, into this foray? These only proved how vital this SLOC is, and why all concerned parties should coordinate, cooperate and collaborate–bilateral or multi-laterally, for a concentrat ed/ integrated effort. Challenges Over the years, ASEAN through its various forums has introduced numerous commendable efforts and initiatives to ensure the safety and security of its water. The outcome has been remarkably encouraging especially when incidents of piracy has dropped to a near-zero. However, there are still other works to be done especially at the Straits of Malacca and more work elsewhere vis-a-vis the South China Sea. With regard to the Straits of Malacca, with piracy no longer in the limelight, the main concern now is the increasing traffic volume as mentioned earlier. As we know, the Straits of Malacca is one narrow Strait and with this increased in traffic volume; coordinated efforts now must be focused towards regulating the North-bound passage in ensuring navigational safety and putting in place a mechanism to address shipping-related pollutions-by irresponsible acts or mishap at sea. Competition over Resources There are some issues with regard to the maritime Southeast Asia waters which have been standing out such as competition over resources. As we know, maritime Southeast Asia, which are located between the Pacific and Indian Ocean, is composed of the volcanic and non-volcanic islands and also the island arcs. The geology of the area is highly complex but it is very promising in term of resources development. Extensive continental shelves washed by seas of less than 200metres deep join many of the islands to Australia and Asia. The Continental Shelf areas are the important location of sedimentary rock which contains of yields oil, tin, and others minerals. The growing in demand for energy is obviously generating greatly increased in offshore exploration for oil and natural gas. China for example, has expended massive efforts in exploring for oil in South China Sea as well as the Pearl River Basin to the North of Hong Kong. Nowadays, we can see that the developed oil-fields in Southeast Asian waters are small and located only in continental shelf area. So that, reservoirs are being depleted and increased in exploration and competition are to be expected. At present, oil, offshore minerals and also fisheries are the main focal point of disputes and future conflict. China has claimed a major portion of the South China Sea makes other littoral feel threatened against other interests over the South China Sea and its resources. Most of the contiguous states have claimed a 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Indonesian and the Philippine concept of the archipelagic state were incorporated in the 1982 Convention of the Law of the Sea. Article 47 of this convention stated that an archipelagic state may draw straight baselines to the outermost points of the outermost island. Furthermore, the 200 nautical mile EEZ, other claims of the littoral states, and the archipelagic claims of Indonesian and the Philippines and also the China’s undefined general claim, leave no uncontested or unclaimed maritime areas in Southeast Asian waters. Example like what had happened with regard to the Spratly Island where friction and some viol ence have occurred which jointly claimed by Malaysia, China, Vietnam, Taiwan and Philippines. Because of the pressure for a greater exploration develops, the areas with potential for exploration and drilling, which are normally located on or near continental shelves and disputed boundaries are becoming pressure points for disputes. The areas which are currently in disputed and believed to have hydrocarbon potential are the South-western Gulf of Thailand (involving Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam), the waters North of Natuna Island (involving Indonesia, Malaysia, China and Vietnam), the waters offshore of Brunei (involving Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam and China) and also the Spratly Island (involving China, Malaysia, Philippine and Vietnam). The fisheries issue is more difficult to address in many ways since fish do not respect political boundaries. The fishery resource management problems are largely unresolved and frequently not even identified. The recent changes in the Law of the Sea, especially the establishment of 200 nautical mile economic zones, make governments are ill-prepared to cope. The establishment of the 200 nautical mile economic zones has created severe hardship for fishermen of certain Southeast Asian nations. For example, Thailand has suffered the loss of some 115,000 square miles of traditional fishing grounds. It is reported that most of the Thailand fishing fleet has been force back into the Gulf of Thailand which is already overfish. Sea Lines of communications, the Straits, the Achipelagoes and Extended Jurisdiction The question of the unilateral extension of maritime jurisdiction is gradually over loading regional mechanisms designed to avoid conflict. Political orientation and economic circumstances are important fact ors in the temptation to use force in order to establish or defend a maritime claim. Within ASEAN community there are well-established, if not perfect, informal procedures for settlement of disputes. The communist states of the East and Southeast Asia are less practicable and have used naval power in the recent past to emphasize their claim to areas in the South China Sea. Use of the straits and sea lines of communication throughout the region affect not only regional powers but also international trading community. Closure, for any reason, of the straits of Malacca and Singapore would severely damage the economies of Japan, Indonesia, South Korea, as well as other states. Major shipping routes of international importance use Indonesia’s Sunda, Lombok, Makasar, and Ombai-W etar straits. The Philippines, which also has declared its achipelagic status, possesses international passages within its territory. The maintenance of open sea lines of communication is of great interest to nations using the South China Sea. The major north-south routes transit the Natunas area disputed by Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. They also pass through the Paracel and Spratly zones disputed by China and Vietnam as well as other states. Future local naval engagements in either of these areas will impede or lengthen the transit period of user nations. The extended jurisdictional claims of China (legally unspecified but encompassing much of the South China Sea) and Vietnam require the most attention. The Chinese and Vietnamese claim the Paracel and the Spratly areas based on their claims of historical occupation. The Chinese evicted the South Vietnamese from Paracels in the 1974. Oil is being extracted to the west of these islands and is rumoured to exits on or very near the Chinese-occupied Paracels. The Spratly area viewed as being potentially rich in oil and natural gas. So far China has not pressed its claims to the Spratlys by occupying one or more of the islands. Vietnam and Indonesia are currently at a stalemate in their discussions over the delineation of their maritime boundaries. The talk have been going on for five years and involves rights to hydrocarbons located in the continental shelf north of the Natuna islands which are occupied by Indonesia. Indonesia has allowed Marathon Oil Company to explore in this area. Vietnam has vigorously and challenged this contract and stated that â€Å"foreign companies should pay attention to this matter and should not conduct survey and exploration operations in the disputed area without Vietnam’s consent†. Any oil company which failed to observe these instructions must be held responsible for the consequences arising from its act. Impact of the Arms Build-up and Major Power Interests The South China Sea and the maritime waters of Southeast Asia are of major strategic importance to the littoral nations as well as the major powers. The guarantee of innocent passage for the merchant and military ships of all nations is fundamental to stability in Asia. Passage in these waters, however, is becoming increasingly constricted especially in the sea lines of the South China Sea and the Vital Straits of Malacca, Sunda, Lombok, and Wetar-Ombai, all of which are within Indonesian archipelago. Waters adjacent to these sea lines as well as the straits are sensitive for security and political reasons. These seas are bordered by countries of very different political ideologies and political outlooks. The western area (Spratly Islands) of the South China Sea especially sensitive, mainly because so many states have made claims to and have occupied island in this area. Potential strategic uses for the more developed island islands in the Spratly included bases for sea line interdiction, surveillance and possible launching points for further attacks. The Philippines and the Indonesia have particular reason to seek for influence maritime activity in parts of their archipelagos. The south of the Philippines, especially the Sulu Sea area, is a focal point for continuing friction with our country. Supplies for the continuing military support for the Moro National Liberation Front and New People’s Army in Zamboanga, Tawi-Tawi, Palawan and Davao are via sea routes. Indonesia vie ws the eastern portion of the country with continuing concern for security. Other strategic considerations include continuing use of the major straits for military purposes. East to west passage in important for surface units of all navies. North to south passage is also importance to submarines. The existence of the U.S. military bases in the Philippines and Soviet bases in Vietnam serve to complicate the security picture in the South China Sea area. Clark Air Base and Subic Naval Base in the Philippines have been importance features of U.S. security policy in Asia since World War II. Both are vital logistics support facilities which allow the U.S. Navy and Air Force to stand behind security commitments made to Japan, South Korea, the Philippines and Thailand. These bases also support U.S naval missions in the Indian Ocean. The United States has provided a continuous military presence in Asia since 1975. This presence has enabled the ASEAN nations, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, to increase their gross national product by an average of 10 per cent. While the United State does not take credit for the economy and the security successes of most of these countries, its policy of deterring Soviet, North Korean and Vietnamese intimidation has been effective. In the mid 1980s, the Soviet has a quantitative advantage in the military balance in the Pacific region, having greater numbers of newer, more sophisticated submarines, tactical aircraft, bombers, and infantry and so on. At present Soviet naval and air forces would be severely disadvantaged in a conflict with United State forces in maritime Southeast Asia. China’s impact on the security of maritime Southeast Asia already been outlined as it affects the Spratly area and also China’s relation with Vietnam. Other considerations worthy of mention are th e upgrading of China merchant fleet and evolution of the PLA navy in recent years. China has not entered the maritime power competition but clearly has the capacity and will to do so. In the near future, China will further expand its volume of maritime trade on a global scale. The PLA navy is attempting to catch up rapidly with those of the Soviet Union and the United States by developing a seaborne nuclear deterrent. It is also obvious from the interview with Liu Huaquing, head of the PLA navy, that China is serious about protecting its claim to the resources of the South China Sea as well as asserting itself as a maritime power in Asia. At present, the Soviets are effectively projecting their military power into an area which had previously been a preserve of the West. It is disconcerting to United States power to have the Soviets expanding their air and naval assets in Cam Ranh Bay as well as conducting a large scale construction programme within that base. The Cam Ranh Bay base in being expended into an advanced staging and repair facility which will save the Soviets time in projecting their naval forces into the Indian Ocean. In parallel and as back-up facility, in case of a break in relation with Vietnam, which is not likely to happen. The soviet are also developing the naval facility in the Kampuchean port of Ream. These points having been made, the soviet presence in Southeast Asia is prominent only in the military area. The KGB activity in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia in recent years has been closely monitored by the security agencies of these countries. However, the soviets present no role models for eco nomic development. Future Developments and Conclusion The 1982 UNCLOS provides compulsory procedures for the settlement of disputes. Many venues are open to disputing parties, including arbitration, adjudication and conciliation, as well as other regional or local ad hoc procedures. As an example is ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus Expert Working Group (ADMM Plus EWG) on Maritime Security. This is one EWG which is giving full attention in as far as â€Å"providing a platform for information sharing among ADMM Plus countries in the hope of enhancing and further developing mutual confidence towards regional peace and stability† is concerned. It is sure that with the activities already conducted such as the Table-Top Exercise (TTX) held last year, and those already on the drawing board (i.e. to establish a virtual communication network/website, to conduct exercises at sea); practical operational cooperation in common areas of maritime security will soon become a norm (standard practice) among members, at least, where maritime se curity is concerned. Conflict in which resources are said to be the major issue but where, in reality, strategic position is the major motivation, will be more difficult to resolve. Solutions to fisheries questions will apparently leave some countries, such as Thailand, disadvantaged. The claims to ownership of hydrocarbon are, in theory, more easily negotiated. Joint development in production and policy is a possible solution to competing claims within ASEAN. With no clear sight of a permanent solution, the easiest way out as a short term measure is to a model a Joint Development Area (JDA) involving all the respective claimants such that of the Malaysia-Thailand JDA which jointly exploit fisheries and hydrocarbon-based resources. It is worth noting that this idea of JDA has in fact caught the attention of claimants to other disputed areas as well. Therefore, if we could not resolve the challenges we might as well capitalise on the opportunities. The question of providing a security presence in the region will increasingly become a problem for the regional powers. It may become increasingly difficult for the United States to continue to maintain its long term air and naval presence in Southeast Asia. Political and economic constraints are cited by friends of United States when there are ask to share greater cooperative security burdens. The major security burden of the future will fall upon the ASEAN nations, Australia, Japan and South Korea. National interest in the security terms may serve to overcome other inherent obstructions such as South Korea-Japanese cultural issues and the lingering effect of anti-Japanese feeling in Southeast Asia as a result of World War II. Australia may have a heightened role to play, given a receptive political climate, as a partner in co-operative naval and air patrol agreements and as a fall-back position for the United State forces. The regional communist states (China, Vietnam) appear to be transferring to the South China Sea their current confrontational relations. In order for stability to be maintained in the South China Sea, China and Vietnam will need to avail themselves of existing mechanisms for resolutions of disputes. References: ASEAN Partners invited to Jointly Develop Gas Field, Business Times (Kuala Lumpur), 14 November 1984. The Malaysian Chief of Defence Force Presentation on 10th ASEAN Chief of Defence Force informal Meeting, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 19 to 21 Mac 2013. Robert A. Brand, Defence Down Under: An American View, Pacific Defence Reporter, June 1985. J.C Johari, International Relation and Politics, (New Delhi: Sterling Publisher 1997). You Ji, The Armed Forces of China (Australia: Allen Unwin, 1999).

Friday, October 25, 2019

Professional Wrestling - Exposing American Culture :: essays research papers

Wrestling - Exposing American Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wrestling on television today is a window into the basis of the American culture. It shows our need for violence and sex at an accessible arena. It’s not extremely graphic but it’s what serves a wide variety of audiences. It reaches a wide range of people, everyone from 10-12 year olds and elderly men and women. The largest demographic for them is the 18-24 year olds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today in the American society the highest rated weekly television show is the WWF â€Å"RAW IS WAR† followed closely by the WWF â€Å"WARZONE†. Both of these shows are wrestling shows. Wrestling is not a very complex sport, It basically is two combatants trying to beat up each other until one either is counted down with there shoulders on the mat for 3 seconds, till they submit, are knocked unconscious, or are disqualified. The way to get disqualified in most matches is to bring and weapon to the ring, have out side interference by a team member, or be outside the ring for more the a ten second count by the ref. To score these victories they use some moves that are very technical and precise but other moves our punches and kicks. The wrestlers dress in mostly bright colored and tight clothes that have there name or â€Å"catch phrase† written on it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wrestling goes straight to it’s demographic audience when it gets sponsors like Castrol motor oil, RC cola, Chef Boyarde, and Tower Records. The color commentators plug these every chance they get before or after the matches. The fans of this sport cheer every chance they get and bring large signs for everyone to see. even though the fans don’t physically get into a match, they psychologically distract some wrestlers with blaring chants that go straight to the wrestlers brain. There are 2 announcers that sit at ringside and tell the actions of the match witch includes telling who did what, what happened on previous shows, and why 2 wrestlers are engaged in this type of combat. Even though wrestling is called a fake sport it can be very tiring on peoples body’s, minds, and souls. They get beat up and slanders yelled at for a living. These men and women can show the best and worst side of the American culture in a single show. They can show that hard work pays off in the long run and that cheating pays off right away. It lets us praise the â€Å"good† guys and boo the â€Å"bad† guys. It sometimes shows a piece of American

Thursday, October 24, 2019

2nd Midterm Sample Exam

Sample Term Test 2A 1. A variable X has a distribution which is described by the density curve shown below: What proportion of values of X fall between 1 and 6? (A) 0. 550 (B) 0. 575 (C) 0. 600 (D) 0. 625 (E) 0. 650 2. Which of the following statements about a normal distribution is true? (A) The value of  µ must always be positive. (B) The value of ? must always be positive. (C) The shape of a normal distribution depends on the value of  µ. (D) The possible values of a standard normal variable range from ? 3. 49 to 3. 49. (E) The area under a normal curve depends on the value of ?. 3.The values in parentheses are the probabilities of each team winning their respective game. Game Game Game Game Game 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: Finland (0. 43) USA (0. 28) Japan (0. 11) Denmark (0. 33) France (0. 18) vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. Germany (0. 57) Switzerland (0. 72) Canada (0. 89) Sweden (0. 67) Scotland (0. 82) 20. The outcome of interest is the set of winners of the ? ve games. How many outcomes are con tained in the sample space? (A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 25 (D) 32 (E) 64 21. In a sports game, the â€Å"favourite† is the team with the higher probability of winning and the â€Å"underdog† is the team who is less likely to win.What is the probability that at least one underdog wins? (A) 0. 93 (B) 0. 74 (C) 0. 80 (D) 0. 67 (E) 0. 59 22. A recently married couple plans to have two children. The outcome of interest is the gender of each of the two children. Consider the event that exactly one of the couple’s children will be a boy. Which of the following is the complement of this event? (A) two boys (B) two girls (C) one girl (D) at least one girl (E) zero or two girls 23. A manufacturer of automobile batteries claims that the distribution of battery lifetimes has a mean of 54 months and a variance of 36 months squared.Suppose a consumer group decides to check the claim by purchasing a sample of 50 of these batteries and subjecting them to tests to determine their lifetime. Assuming the manufacturer’s claim is true, what is the probability that the sample has a mean lifetime less than 52 months? (A) 0. 1292 (B) 0. 3707 (C) 0. 0091 (D) 0. 4909 (E) 0. 3483 24. A recycling plant compresses aluminum cans into bales. The weights of the bales are known to follow a normal distribution with standard deviation eight pounds. In a random sample of 64 bales, what is the probability that the sample mean di? ers from the population mean by no more than one pound? A) 0. 3413 (B) 0. 4772 (C) 0. 6826 (D) 0. 9544 (E) 0. 1587 25. The monthly mortgage payment for recent home buyers in Winnipeg has a mean of $732, and a standard deviation of $421. A random sample of 125 recent home buyers is selected. The approximate probability that their average monthly mortgage payment will be more than $782 is: (A) 0. 9082 (B) 0. 4522 (C) 0. 4082 (D) 0. 0478 (E) 0. 0918 26. Weights of pears in an orchard follow a normal distribution with mean 195 grams and standard deviation 40 grams.A random sample of ? ve pears is selected. What is the probability that the total weight of the pears is greater than one kilogram (i. . , 1,000 grams)? (A) 0. 2795 (B) 0. 3897 (C) 0. 2451 (D) 0. 3264 (E) 0. 4129 27. The fact that the sample mean does not tend to over- or underestimate the population mean makes the sample mean: (A) resistant. (B) unbiased. (C) e? cient. (D) a statistic. (E) a parameter. 28. A random variable X follows a uniform distribution with mean 3 and standard deviation 1. 73. We take a random sample of size 100 from this distribution and calculate the sample mean X. The sampling distribution of X is: (A) approximately normal with mean 3 and standard deviation 0. 173. B) uniform with mean 3 and standard deviation 1. 73. (C) approximately normal with mean 3 and standard deviation 0. 0173. (D) uniform with mean 3 and standard deviation 0. 173. (E) approximately normal with mean 3 and standard deviation 1. 73. 29. The sampling distribution of a statistic is : (A) the density function of the population from which the sample was selected. (B) the distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the same population. (C) the distribution of the population from which the sample is drawn. D) approximately normally distributed if the sample is large enough, regardless of the shape of the population from which the sample is drawn.(E) all of the above. 30. Which of the following variables has a binomial distribution? (I) You repeatedly roll a fair die. X = number of rolls needed to observe the number 6 for the third time. (II) Tim Hortons is holding its annual â€Å"Roll Up the Rim to Win† promotion. Customers can check under the rim of a co? ee cup to see if they have won a prize. You buy one cup of co? ee from Tim Hortons each day for a week. X = number of times you win a prize during the week. III) A quality control inspector in a factory routinely examines samples of ? ber-optic cable being produced to check for defects. The inspector examines a 100-foot length of cable. X = number of defects found on the cable. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III 31. There are four patients on the neo-natal ward of a local hospital who are monitored by two sta? members. Suppose the probability (at any one time) of a patient requiring attention by a sta? member is 0. 3. Assuming the patients behave independently, what is the probability at any one time that there will not be su? cient sta? o attend to all patients who need them? (A) 0. 0756 (B) 0. 1104 (C) 0. 0837 (D) 0. 0463 (E) 0. 2646 The next two questions (32 and 33) refer to the following: According to the Canadian Blood Services website, 9% of Canadians have type B blood. 32. If a sample of 8 donors is selected, what is the probability that less than two of them will have type B blood? (A) 0. 8424 (B) 0. 9711 (C) 0. 3721 (D) 0. 4703 (E) 0. 1576 33. Suppose we select a random sample of 175 blood donors and calculate the proportion p ? of individuals with type B blood. The standard deviation of p is: ? (A) 0. 0216 (B) 0. 0358 (C) 0. 0417 (D) 0. 0598 (E) 0. 0647The next two questions (34 and 35) refer to the following: It is known that 53% of students at a large university are female and 47% are male. 34. If we take a random sample of 12 students at the university, what is the probability that exactly seven of them are female? (A) 0. 1734 (B) 0. 1834 (C) 0. 1934 (D) 0. 2034 (E) 0. 2134 35. If we take a random sample of 200 students at the university, what is the approximate probability that less than half of them are male? (A) 0. 7291 (B) 0. 8023 (C) 0. 7852 (D) 0. 8508 (E) 0. 7517 Sample Term Test 2B 1. A random variable X is described by the density curve shown below: The probability of P (3 ?X ? 6) is equal to: (A) 0. 55 (B) 0. 45 (C) 0. 375 (D) 0. 40 (E) 0. 60 2. A random variable X follows a uniform distribution on the interval from 10 to 15. What proportion of values of X are greater than 13. 2? (A) 0. 18 (B) 0. 88 (C) 0. 36 (D) 0. 12 (E) 0. 28 3. Which of the following statements about a normal distribution is true? (A) The mean of a normal distribution must always be greater than zero. (B) For a standard normal distribution, P (Z < z) = P (Z > ? z) for any value z. (C) The height of a normal density curve must always be equal to one. (D) All values must fall within three standard deviations of the mean. E) The standard deviation of a normal distribution must always be greater than one. 4. A variable X follows a normal distribution with mean 10 and standard deviation 5. Another variable Y follows a normal distribution with mean 25 and standard deviation the 10. The maximum height of the density curve for X is (i) maximum height for the density curve for Y, and the area under the density curve for X is (ii) the area under the density curve for Y. (A) (i) greater than, (ii) less than (B) (i) less than, (ii) greater than (C) (i) equa l to, (ii) equal to (D) (i) greater than, (ii) equal to (E) (i) less than, (ii) less than 5.Weights of apples grown in an orchard are known to follow a normal distribution with mean 160 grams. It is known that approximately 99. 7% of apples have weights between 124 and 196 grams. What is the standard deviation of weights of all apples grown in the orchard? (A) 9 grams (B) 12 grams (C) 18 grams (D) 24 grams (E) 36 grams 6. A variable Z has a standard normal distribution. What is the value b such that P (b ? Z ? 0. 36) = 0. 2470? (A) ? 1. 22 (B) ? 0. 68 (C) ? 0. 27 (D) ? 0. 39 (E) ? 0. 55 The next two questions (7 to 8) refer to the following: Percentage grades in a large geography class follow a normal distribution with mean 67. and standard deviation 12. 5. 7. What proportion of students in the class receive percentage grades between 60 and 70? (A) 0. 2650 (B) 0. 2750 (C) 0. 2850 (D) 0. 2950 (E) 0. 3050 8. The professor decides to assign a grade of A+ to the students with the top 8% of the grades, and a grade of A to the next best 12%. What is the minimum percentage a student needs to earn a grade of A? (A) 77 (B) 78 (C) 79 (D) 80 (E) 81 9. The contents of bottles of water follow a normal distribution with mean  µ and standard deviation 4 ml. What proportion of bottles have ? ll volumes within 1 ml of the mean? (A) 0. 1974 (B) 0. 987 (C) 0. 6826 (D) 0. 4013 (E) unable to calculate without the value of  µ 10. A candy company manufactures hard candies in ? ve di? erent ? avours, according to the following probability distribution, where k is some constant: Cherry Root Beer Flavour Probability 0. 21 k Strawberry Orange Peppermint 0. 27 k 0. 14 If you select a candy at random, what is the probability that it will be fruit-? avoured? (A) 0. 48 (B) 0. 67 (C) 0. 68 (D) 0. 72 (E) 0. 86 11. Event A has probability of 0. 4 to occur and Event B has a probability of 0. 5 to occur. Their union (A or B) has a probability of 0. 7 to occur.Then: (A) A and B are mutually e xclusive. (B) A and B are not mutually exclusive. (C) A and B are independent. (D) A and B are dependent. (E) both (B) and (C). 12. You have two unfair coins. On any given ? ip, the ? rst coin has a 40% chance of landing on Heads and the second coin has a 25% chance of landing on Heads. If you ? ip both coins, what is the probability that at least one of them lands on Heads? (A) 0. 10 (B) 0. 45 (C) 0. 55 (D) 0. 65 (E) 0. 90 13. A fair six-sided die will be rolled. De? ne A to be the event that an even number is rolled and de? ne B to be the event that a prime number is rolled.Which of the following events is the intersection of A and B? (A) {2} (B) {2, 3, 5} (C) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (D) {3, 5} (E) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 14. Suppose it is known that 61% of Winnipeg adults read the Winnipeg Free Press, 29% read the Winnipeg Sun and 18% read both newspapers. What is the probability that a randomly selected adult in Winnipeg reads only one of the two papers (but not both)? Hint: Draw a Venn diag ram. (A) 0. 54 (B) 0. 50 (C) 0. 45 (D) 0. 72 (E) 0. 47 The next two questions (15 and 16) refer to the following: A hockey players compiles the following facts: †¢ Her team wins (W) 60% of their games. She scores a goal (G) in 30% of her games. †¢ She gets a penalty (P) in 40% of her games. †¢ In 38% of her games, her team wins and she scores a goal. †¢ In 24% of her games, her team wins and she gets a penalty. †¢ in 15% of her games, she scores a goal and gets a penalty. 15. In any given game, what is the probability that the player scores a goal or gets a penalty? (A) 0. 85 (B) 0. 55 (C) 0. 70 (D) 0. 65 (E) 0. 58 16. Which of the following statements is true? (A) W and G are independent. (B) G and P are mutually exclusive (disjoint). (C) W and P are independent. (D) W and G are mutually exclusive (disjoint). (E) G and P are independent. 7. Weights of oranges sold at a supermarket follow a normal distribution with mean 0. 22 pounds and standard deviation 0. 04 pounds. If you randomly select four oranges, what is the probability that their total weight is less than 1 pound? (A) 0. 9719 (B) 0. 8508 (C) 0. 9332 (D) 0. 7967 (E) 0. 8340 The next two questions (18 and 19) refer to the following: The time X taken by a cashier in a grocery store express lane follows a normal distribution with mean 90 seconds and standard deviation 20 seconds. 18. What is the ? rst quartile (Q1) of the distribution of X? (A) 73. 8 seconds (B) 85. 0 seconds (C) 69. 4 seconds (D) 81. seconds (E) 76. 6 seconds 19. What is the probability that the average service time for the next three customers is between 80 and 100 seconds? (Assume the next three customers can be considered a simple random sample. ) (A) 0. 6156 (B) 0. 4893 (C) 0. 7212 (D) 0. 5559 (E) impossible to calculate with the information given The next two questions (20 and 21) refer to the following: The amount X spent (in $) by customers in the grocery store express lane follow some right-skewed distri bution with mean $24 and standard deviation $15. 20. What is the probability that the average amount spent by the next three customers is more than $20? Assume the next three customers can be considered a simple random sample. ) (A) 0. 4619 (B) 0. 6772 (C) 0. 8186 (D) 0. 7673 (E) impossible to calculate with the information given 21. What is the probability that the next 40 customers spend less than $1,000 in total? (Assume the next 40 customers can be considered a simple random sample). (A) 0. 5199 (B) 0. 6064 (C) 0. 6628 (D) 0. 5784 (E) 0. 6331 22.The distribution of weights of chocolate bars produced by a certain machine is normal with mean 253 grams and standard deviation 3 grams. A sample of ? ve of these chocolate bars is selected. There is only a 2. % chance that the average weight of the sample will be below: (A) 250. 37 grams. (B) 254. 10 grams. (C) 252. 63 grams. (D) 251. 54 grams. (E) 249. 82 grams. The next two questions (23 and 24) refer to the following: A bimodal prob ability distribution is one with two distinct peaks. A random variable X follows a bimodal distribution with mean 15 and standard deviation 4, as shown below: 23. Suppose that you take a random sample of 10,000 observations from the population above and make a histogram. You expect the histogram to be: (A) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 004. (B) bimodal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 04. (C) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 04. (D) bimodal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 4. (E) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 4. 24. Suppose that you take 10,000 random samples of 10,000 observations from the population above and that for each sample, the mean x is calculated. A histogram of resulting x’s ? ? would be:(A) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 0004. B) bimodal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 04. (C) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 04. (D) bimodal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 4. (E) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 4. 25. The Central Limit Theorem states that: ? (A) when n gets large, the standard deviation of the sample mean X gets closer and v closer to ? / n. (B) regardless of the population distribution of a random variable X, when n gets large, ? the sampling distribution of X is approximately normal. C) if a random variable X follows a normal distribution, then when n gets large, the ? sampling distribution of X is exactly normal. ? (D) when n gets large, the sample mean X gets closer and closer to the population mean  µ. ? (E) when n gets large, the sample mean X becomes an unbiased estimator of the population mean  µ. 26. Which of the following variables has a binomial distribution? (A) You roll ? ve fair dice, each with face values of 1 through 6. X = total number of dots facing up on the ? ve dice. (B) An airplane carrying 100 passengers has two emergency exits, one at the front of the plane and one at the back.The airplane makes an emergency landing. X = number of people who leave the plane through the front exit. (C) A paper boy delivers the newspaper to every house on your block. X = number of houses that get their newspaper on time tomorrow morning. (D) You repeatedly ? ip two quarters simultaneously until both quarters land on Heads. X = number of ? ips required for both quarters to land on Heads. (E) A student randomly guesses the answer to each of the 40 multiple choice questions on this exam. X = number of multiple choice questions the student gets correct. 27. The probability that a certain machine will produce a defective item is 1/4.If a random sample of six items is taken from the output of this machine, what is the probability that there will be at least ? ve defectives in the sample? (A) 1 4096 (B) 3 4096 (C) 4 4096 (D) 18 4096 (E) 19 4096 28. Event A occurs with probability 0. 12. Event B occurs with probability 0. 88. If A and B are mutually exclusive (disjoint) events, then (A) P(A and B) = 0. 11 (B) P(A and B) = 0. 00 (C) P(A or B) = 1. 00 (D) P(A or B) = 0. 11 (E) both (B) and (C) are correct 29. A random variable X follows a binomial distribution with parameters n and p. If the mean and the variance of X are 3. 6 and 2. 2 respectively, then the values of the parameters n and p are, respectively: (A) 6 and 0. 6. (B) 18 and 0. 2. (C) 24 and 0. 15. (D) 12 and 0. 3. (E) 12 and 0. 4. 30. A student driving to university must pass through seven sets of tra? c lights. Suppose it is known that each set of tra? c lights are red 35% of the time and that all lights function independently. What is the probability that the student will have to stop at two or more sets of lights on her to university? (A) 0. 6828 (B) 0. 2985 (C) 0. 4893 (D) 0. 7662 (E) 0. 5997 The next three questions (31 and 33) refer to the following: We have a small deck of ten cards.Five of the cards are red, three are blue and two are green. We randomly select four cards from the deck with replacement. That is, after we select a card and record the colour, we put the card back in the deck and thoroughly shu? e them before we select another card. 31. Let X be the number of blue cards that are selected. The distribution of X is: (A) binomial with parameters n = 4 and p = 0. 1. (B) binomial with parameters n = 10 and p = 0. 3. (C) binomial with parameters n = 10 and p = 0. 4. (D) binomial with parameters n = 4 and p = 0. 3. (E) normal with parameters  µ = 1. 2 and ? = 0. 92. 32. Let A be the event that the ? st selected card is the only red card in our four selections. Which of the following events is mutually exclusive (disjoint) from the event A? (A) Second card selected is blue. (B) No green cards are selected. (C) Third selected card is the on ly green. (D) Same number of red and blue cards are selected. (E) Same number of blue and green cards are selected. 33. What is the probability that the ? rst two selected cards are the same colour? (A) 0. 38 (B) 0. 25 (C) 0. 29 (D) 0. 33 (E) 0. 41 The next two questions (34 and 35) refer to the following: Suppose it is known that 8% of males are colour blind. 4. In a random sample of 20 males, what is the probability that exactly 3 of them are colour blind? (A) 0. 1212 (B) 0. 1313 (C) 0. 1414 (D) 0. 1515 (E) 0. 1616 35. In a random sample of 500 males, what is the approximate probability that at least 10% of them are colour blind? (A) 0. 03 (B) 0. 04 (C) 0. 05 (D) 0. 06 (E) 0. 07 Answers Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Term Test 2A A B A A B B B A B E A E C E B D C B D D C E C C E B B A D B C A A E B Term Test 2B A C B D B C E B A B E C A A B C C E A E C A D C B E E E D D D E A C C

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Language Acquisition Theories

It is reported by Waggoner that one in six United States adolescents between the age of 14 and 19 speaks a foreign language at home besides English. Some schools expect these children to speak English fluently and at a rapid pace. They also have this hidden expectation that there will be no interference with their academic progress in the classroom. The information that is taught to English language learners is prolific in words and phrases. This can at times become baffled due to the literal and figurative language of words. Children who are fluent in English have a solid understanding of those figurative phrases.Lazar, Warr-Leeper, Nicholson, and Johnson (1998) reported that 11.5% of lessons taught in the classroom contain figurative language and teachers use idiomatic looks in one out of ten words used when teaching in the classroom. Idioms are very difficult for English language learners to translate. Often the English language learner also has difficulty understanding figurative language in the social setting.Figurative language is indeed a needed portion for the English language learner instruction. These students must have the appropriate instruction so that they can master the difficult task of speaking, reading, and writing a foreign language to them which is English. Palmer and Brooks (2004), states that if the English language learner is unable to understand and translate figurative language this will cause a disruption to their comprehension, which will cause frustrations and may hinder the student from wanting to become a reader of English.Classroom teachers must scaffold their instruction for the English language learner. The lessons must consist of comprehension strategies that are fostered around figurative language. This may have some challenges for the classroom teacher because the English language learner is diverse with a broad range of cultures and linguistics in the classroom.Alejandro’s ObservationAs a classroom teacher who possess es students who are English language  learners I could relate to some of the issues concerning Alejandro. According to MacGillivary and Rueda (2001), children like Alejandro will assist their parents who speak a little English and those who don’t speak English at all to translate for them any and everything that pertains to school, the doctor, or just everyday situations that may require English. Alejandro’s teacher created appropriate and purposeful lessons for him. These lessons were tailored around figurative language.This teacher modeled explicitly taught him how to translate words and phrases into English and also how to decide what the meaning is when it pertains to context clues. Alejandro is now able to communicate in both worlds English and Spanish.Strategies for Figurative LanguageExplicit Instruction:According to Palmer and Brooks (2004), â€Å"figurative language interpretation is based on students’ schemata; therefore, direct, or explicit, instru ction is often needed to provide the knowledge necessary to understand not only the figurative language expressions but the context surrounding them as well† (p.375). When the English language learner receives instruction that is clear and direct this will aide those students who may not be familiar with figurative language. This will also help them students who possess a limited knowledge to recognize figurative language.Connections to the Real WorldWhen the English language learner uses figurative language in their communities they create this connection that allows them to communicate naturally. Tompkins (2002), states that children who are English language learners have challenges comprehending the figurative phases used in the real world. He suggests that classroom teachers use hands on objects like posters created by the students that will show the figurative meaning of those phrases. Figurative language can help the English language learner to see this world in a new li ght. It also magnifies their perceptions about the world. Dialogue in ContextEducators of English language learners should explain the importance of  figurative language to their students. They should be aware of how this skill will be taught to them so they can create learning goals centered on figurative language. The classroom teacher should gear her lessons on the different types of figurative languages and provide explicit examples of the phrases used in paragraphs and sentences. It is also recommended that classroom teachers connect context clues with the use of figurative language. Using these context clues will allow the English language learner to construct meaning with the text.Modeling and Independent PracticeHow the English language learner grasps the concepts of figurative language depends upon their back ground knowledge and also what they have been exposed too. When the classroom teacher models explicitly the strategies for figurative language and provides opportuni ties for the students to practice what was taught this will strengthen their skills. These strategies should be modeled and practiced with students orally and written on a daily basis. The classroom teacher can use learning logs with the students during observations.VisualizationWith the use of illustrations provides the English language learner with a brighter interpretation of the figurative phrases used in the real world. Students can create literal pictures of the figurative phrases. For example, busy as a bee. Classroom teachers must keep in mind that the English language learner may need to communicate what was learned through pictures. This can be used for literal and figurative phrases.Use of the Native LanguageThe English language learner who has a firm structure in bilingual education will achieve higher than those English language learners who have not had the opportunity for bilingual education. These students are impelled to use their native dialect which will help them to comprehend English. The classroom teacher must remember their students who are English language learners are on several different levels which can create challenges. Because the English language learner is learning two combined languages, they will make gains from the skills they accumulated from their back ground knowledge.ReflectionThe strategies provided in this article can aid the English language learner when they have difficulty with figurative language in the real world and in texts. The background knowledge of the English language learner has an important role in how they comprehend figurative phrases. Once they have mastered this skill they can transfer what they learned to context clues. Having visuals for these students will support them in language arts. It is important that these students continue to speak in their native dialect. These strategies will give them a sense of accomplishment which will inspire them to become proficient readers and writers.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Hackers Hell essays

Hackers Hell essays To deal with hackers who break through office systems through the Internet it is important for information managers to understand their enemy well. If they have sound background knowledge about hackers, they might be prepared to deal with them in a much more effective method. Hackers are very educated often mostly university or high school students who try to break through systems for which they have no authorization. They deal poorly with people, have few friends and less relationships, but at the same time are very smart. Therefore they revert to computers because they know computers will not reject them. With bulletin board communication they can form social relationships but those are behind the screen, where hackers feel shielded. (Pfleeger, pp.12-13) Hackers justify the crime of cracking through systems by stating that nobody gets hurt in this situation. Hacking can be done without having a conflict with any human. Hackers also usually work in groups, and when they do so they become more dangerous to office systems. By sharing information they manage to put together a solution that would allow them to break in a office system. The news media has labeled hackers as mere children who play pranks. (Pfleeger, p.13) Even Amy Wohl who is a noted information systems consultant states that the hacker risk is the smallest of the computer crime risks. (Ray, p. 440) Amy Wohls statement is incorrect because due to the hacking of automated office systems millions of dollars in damages have occurred. According to the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) the increase attacks by hackers through the Internet has jumped to 323% since 1992. Total losses to the U.S. industry are approximately $2 billion per month. Thus it is very essential for information managers to know about the different problems hackers can create for automated office systems through the Internet. (Anthes Hack Attack., p.81) On...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Mariana Trench Facts and Location

Mariana Trench Facts and Location The Mariana Trench (also called the Marianas Trench) is the deepest part of the ocean. This trench lies in an area where two of the Earths plates- the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate- come together. The Pacific plate dives under the Philippine plate, which also partially gets pulled along. It is also thought that water can be carried with it, and may contribute to strong earthquakes by hydrating rock and lubricating the plates, which might lead to a sudden slip. There are many trenches in the ocean, but because of the location of this trench, it is the deepest. The Mariana Trench is located in an area of old seafloor, made up of lava, which is dense and causes the seafloor to settle further. Plus, since the trench is so far away from any rivers, it does not get filled with sediment like many other oceanic trenches, which also contributes to its extreme depth. Location The Mariana Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the Philippines and about 120 miles east of the Mariana Islands. In 2009, President Bush declared the area surrounding Mariana Trench as a wildlife refuge, called the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, which covers approximately 95,216 square miles. Size The trench is 1,554 miles long and 44 miles wide. The trench is more than 5 times wider than it is deep. The deepest point of the trench- which is known as the Challenger Deep- is almost 7 miles (over 36,000 feet) deep and is a bathtub-shaped depression. The trench is so deep that at the bottom that the water pressure is eight tons per square inch. Water Temperature The water temperature in the deepest part of the ocean is a chilly 33-39 degrees Fahrenheit- just above freezing. Life in the Trench The bottom of deep areas like the Mariana Trench is composed of an ooze made up of the shells of plankton. While the trench and areas like it havent been fully explored, we know that there are organisms that can survive at this depth, including bacteria, microorganisms, protists (foraminifera, xenophyophores, shrimp-like amphipods, and possibly even some fish. Exploring the Trench The first trip to the Challenger Deep was made by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh in 1960. They didnt spend much time at the bottom, and couldnt see much as their sub kicked up too much sediment, but they did report seeing some flatfish. Voyages to the Mariana Trench have been made since then to map the area and collect samples, but humans had not been to the deepest point in the trench until 2012. In March 2012, James Cameron successfully completed the first solo, human mission to the Challenger Deep. Sources Alden, Andrew. 2009. Why the Mariana Trench is So Deep.Dohrer, Elizabeth. 2012. Mariana Trench: The Deepest Depths. LiveScience.Jackson, Nicholas. 2011. Racing to the Bottom: Exploring the Deepest Point on Earth. The Atlantic.Lovett, Richard A. 2012. How the Mariana Trench Became the Earths Deepest Point. National Geographic Daily News.NASA Earth Observatory. 2012. New View of the Deepest Trench.Roach, John. 2005. Life is Found Thriving at Oceans Deepest Point. National Geographic.USGS. Understanding Plate Motions.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Chlorophyll Definition and Role in Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll Definition and Role in Photosynthesis Chlorophyll is the name given to a group of green pigment molecules found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. The two most common types of chlorophyll are chlorophyll a, which is a blue-black ester with the chemical formula  C55H72MgN4O5, and chlorophyll b, which is a  dark green ester with the formula C55H70MgN4O6. Other forms of chlorophyll include chlorophyll c1, c2, d, and f. The forms of chlorophyll have different side chains and chemical bonds, but all are characterized by a chlorin pigment ring containing a magnesium ion at its center. Key Takeaways: Chlorophyll Chlorophyll is a green pigment molecule that collects solar energy for photosynthesis. Its actually a family of related molecules, not just one.Chlorophyll is found in plants, algae, cyanobacteria, protists, and a few animals.Although chlorophyll is the most common photosynthetic pigment, there are several others, including the anthocyanins. The word chlorophyll comes from the Greek words chloros, which means green, and phyllon, which means leaf.  Joseph Bienaimà © Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier first isolated and named the molecule in 1817. Chlorophyll is an essential pigment molecule for photosynthesis, the chemical process plants use to absorb and use energy from light. Its also used as a food coloring (E140) and as a deodorizing agent. As a food coloring, chlorophyll is used to add a green color to pasta, the spirit absinthe, and other foods and beverages. As a waxy  organic compound, chlorophyll is not soluble in water. It is mixed with a small amount of oil when its used in food. Also Known As: The alternate spelling for chlorophyll is chlorophyl. Role of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis The overall balanced equation for photosynthesis is: 6 CO2 6 H2O → C6H12O6 6 O2 where carbon dioxide and water react to produce glucose and oxygen. However, the overall reaction doesnt indicate the complexity of the chemical reactions or the molecules that are involved. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms use chlorophyll to absorb light (usually solar energy) and convert it into chemical energy. Chlorophyll strongly absorbs blue light and also some red light. It poorly absorbs green (reflects it), which is why chlorophyll-rich leaves and algae appear green. In plants, chlorophyll surrounds photosystems in the thylakoid membrane of organelles called chloroplasts, which are concentrated in the leaves of plants. Chlorophyll absorbs light and uses resonance energy transfer to energize reaction centers in photosystem I and photosystem II. This happens when energy from a photon (light) removes an electron from chlorophyll in reaction center P680 of photosystem II. The high energy electron enters an electron transport chain. P700 of photosystem I works with photosystem II, although the source of electrons in this chlorophyll molecule can vary. Electrons that enter the electron transport chain are used to pump hydrogen ions (H) across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The chemiosmotic potential is used to produce the energy molecule ATP and to reduce NADP to NADPH. NADPH, in turn, is used to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) into sugars, such as glucose. Other Pigments and Photosynthesis Chlorophyll is the most widely recognized molecule used to collect light for photosynthesis, but its not the only pigment that serves this function. Chlorophyll belongs to a larger class of molecules called anthocyanins. Some anthocyanins function in conjunction with chlorophyll, while others absorb light independently or at a different point of an organisms life cycle. These molecules may protect plants by changing their coloring to make them less attractive as food and less visible to pests. Other anthocyanins absorb light in the green portion of the spectrum, extending the range of light a plant can use. Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Plants make chlorophyll from the molecules glycine and succinyl-CoA. There is an intermediate molecule called protochlorophyllide, which is converted into chlorophyll. In angiosperms, this chemical reaction is light-dependent. These plants are pale if they are grown in darkness because they cant complete the reaction to produce chlorophyll. Algae and non-vascular plants dont require light to synthesize chlorophyll. Protochlorophyllide forms toxic free radicals in plants, so chlorophyll biosynthesis is tightly regulated. If iron, magnesium, or iron are deficient, plants may be unable to synthesize enough chlorophyll, appearing pale or chlorotic. Chlorosis may also be caused by improper pH (acidity or alkalinity) or pathogens or insect attack.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Effects of Environmental Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effects of Environmental Pollution - Essay Example This paper analyses these effects with regard to air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution noise pollution, light pollution as well litter pollution. Environmental pollution presents both physical and biological effects. Physical effects of pollution are those that we can see. Nonetheless, they sometimes include environmental effects that do not cause physical damage. Biological effects on the other hand, are the most serious effect of environmental pollution. More than often, pollution has induced harmful biological effects on human health, and on the food chains of animals, marines and other living organisms. Thus, pollution can lead to a serious disruption of the balance of nature. In some extreme instances, pollution has caused death of human beings, both directly and indirectly. At this juncture, it is important to analyze the effects associated with each individual form of environmental pollution. The first and most prominent form of environmental pollution is air pollutio n. It refers to the introduction of chemicals and other biological material in the atmosphere. Air pollution causes harm and discomfort to human beings and other living organisms as well. ... Other health effects attributable to air pollution include asthma, reduced energy levels, headaches and dizziness, disruption of the endocrine and immune systems, cardiovascular disorders as well as neurobehavioral disorders. According to the World health organization, close to three million deaths worldwide can be directly attributed to air pollution (Hill 82). Chlorofluorocarbons emitted in the air are also known to cause severe damage by depleting the ozone layer hence contributing to global warming. Consequently, global warming has presented more adverse effects on humanity. Global warming refers to ecological as well as social changes which have transpired as a result of a rise in global temperatures. The global warming has caused a plethora of adverse effects on human health. Scientists have evidence that global warming has generally the escalated prevalence of certain diseases is intricately interlinked to global warming. In this regards, the soaring deaths due to diseases suc h as diarrhea, malaria and dengue fever have been attributed to the adverse effects of global warming. Secondly, we have water pollution. This refers to the contamination of water bodies. In most cases, water pollution occurs when various pollutants are directly of indirectly released into the water bodies. It is also caused by the disposal of industrial waste products into lakes, rivers, oceans and other water bodies. Acid rain is also another palpable contributor of water pollution. This has adverse effects on both plants and water-dwelling organism besides human beings. According to Hill (63), water pollution is known to cause an estimated fourteen thousand death per day. Most of these occur as a result of direct

Friday, October 18, 2019

Knowledge Management, Social Networks and Innovation Assignment

Knowledge Management, Social Networks and Innovation - Assignment Example an explicit asset will be its ultimate product, because as Lytras, Russ and Maier (2008, p. 144) described, KM aims to productize and distribute knowledge within the organization. KM’s overall benefits include forming an ‘organizational learning’ system whereby people in the firm will be bale to gain wide knowledge that is useful for their as well as organization’s common benefits. As Forster (2005, p. 397) denoted, KM is a process that collects, shares and utilizes experience, knowledge, skills and wisdom of employees and they are then converted to a collective organizational learning process. This is how KM helps organizations improve the performance and effectiveness of organizational activities. For instance, a firm may recruit old workforce believing that old-workers are more knowledgeable than young people and they will be retained with a view to make use of their knowledge and experience. This is a strategic way to create new knowledge. They have mor e experience, which can later be transferred to other workforce through collaborative team work or other progressive activities. This is how experience can be converted to knowledge, or knowledge can be created from experience. Young workforce, for instance, will later be able to use their acquired knowledge for the overall organizational benefits. Explicit or Tacit nature of knowledge in relation to creation and sharing Knowledge creation, sharing, transferring and utilizing can be carried out through either papers, documents, database etc or through people’s mind. Explicit knowledge refers to that information being processed through papers, documents or database etc, whereas tacit knowledge is the information that is processed... This paper highlighted that knowledge sharing helps an organization foster innovation as people within its workplace will be motivated to gain newer knowledge, think creatively and bring newer ideas that in turn can help the organization perform better. Social networking is an essentially important means that almost all companies in recent years are extensively using for better knowledge sharing experiences. This paper described the conceptual framework of how social networks improve the effectiveness of KM and the practical issues that are faced by the management in relation to KM and innovation development. This paper approves that KM comprises of people, process and technology. How people use technology for knowledge sharing also impact the results of KM strategy. For far better results, the organization may need to facilitate extensive training for using technology in the KM. People in an organization may be well-versed in using computers, database, software, social networking, etc and as a result the result also will be better than the other way. This paper makes a conclusion that people’s approach and organizational learning culture also impact the KM effectiveness. Management may face severe issues related to employees less awareness of the KM practices, irresponsibility of concerned people, lack of motivation to get involved etc. Problems related to artifacts are also to be considered while implementing a better system of the KM. Artifacts such as manuals, software, networking, papers, documents etc that are used in the KM practice must be appropriate for the ultimate purpose of the processed knowledge.

President Bush Faces His Own Storm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

President Bush Faces His Own Storm - Essay Example In fact, nearly every post-hurricane project the President described hinges on a degree of federal involvement not seen in roughly 30 years. Even before the Aug. 29 hurricane devastated many areas along the Gulf Coast, the President's approval ratings were at an all-time low, largely because of Iraq, fuel prices and the economy. In the initial days after Katrina, Mr. Bush's hesitancy to act and apparent insensitivity to the plight of people too poor to evacuate dismayed even Republicans, especially candidates in congressional races next year. Comparatively, Hurricane Katrina is a different kind of crisis for a president already tested by terrorist attacks on American soil and wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The immensity of this calamity has overwhelmed even the federal government. Bush faced not only the hurricane's aftermath, but the public perceptions formed by round-the-clock television coverage and the political pressures that follow. His wrong decisions blew the tops of people and ultimately gathered blame because of the government's laxity and slow paced disaster relief operations. Some even say that the disaster might not have been this "disastrous" if the government made proactive efforts to prevent all the damages. However, a reversal of President Bush's reaction, as he admitted responsibility on the devastation of Hurricane Katrina, is exemplary on his part.

Economic Growth in Israel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic Growth in Israel - Essay Example From this essay it is clear that  the OECD aims at providing support to the member countries to restore confidence in their market and institutions and foster new sources of growth through technology and innovation which would provide a basis for sustainable future economic growth. The data analysis provided by OECD regarding the major economic indicators of the member country Israel will provide a clear picture to its institutions and organisations about the current scenario of the economy and help them to propose appropriate solutions through the application of economic theories and practices. OECD works with the prime motive of providing information on a wider range of topics to provide assistance to the government and other institutions of a member country to formulate appropriate polices that can help them to foster growth and stability in the economy. This report analyzes the major indicators of economic performance of Israel. The data of major economic indicators of Israel a re collected from OECD and can be used to analyze how the growth and performance of the country can be improved based on its reports. There are variety of economic indicators like agriculture, energy, finance, governmental interference, employment, technology and research, health and environment on the basis of which OECD analyzes the performance and growth of Israel. It provides a relative framework for understanding the role of government and local organisations in their contribution towards long term growth and efficiency of the economy.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final Project - Essay Example The First Amendment protects the rights of individuals, including prisoners, to their freedom of communication via letters. It makes Jail Officers wonder why other charges like harassment or deprivation from access to court were included in the complaints. Knowing the drug syndicates have lots of means to access lawyers and media, this can be a clear indication of the effectiveness of the new Mail management system against unwanted activities in jail. Or Civil Rights Groups may be right up to a certain extent. There should be more transparency and clarifications concerning the initiatives of the Department of Corrections. What should be made known to the public ought to appease every listener and definitely satisfy courts and lawyers as soon as they hear those explanations for clarifications. The government’s lawyer should be made to clarify that the procedures are merely temporary. And the reason for its being temporary ought to be further explained to judges behind closed do ors. Security measures require some level of confidentiality and private discussions among lawyers and judges only. II.Details A.Statement of Facts A new mail policy of the Department of Correction dictated the specification for incoming and outgoing communications by saying that communication â€Å"must be on a 5x7 inch pre-stamped postcard†. Even the ink color was restricted. Return address had to be either written or printed. Adhesive label was not allowed. However, there were logical reasons connected to law enforcement against the entry of contraband through mails. The other reason was not directly related to law enforcement, because the Correction Officers simply wanted to make it easier for them to manage the mails daily in the light of insufficient Staff. There was also a policy that would provide three FREE postcards per week for indigents. To be considered indigent, the prisoner â€Å"must have less than $ 10.00 balance for 45 days prior to the request for indigent supplies.† If not indigent, a prisoner will have to buy the 5 x 7 postcard for $0.50 cents per post card. As a result of these changes, the Department of Corrections received complaint suits for violating the 1st Amendment civil rights pertaining to freedom of expression. Complainants also accused the department of invading the privacy of prisoners, of interfering with the prisoners’ access to the courts, of harassing prisoners, of not having a legitimate purpose, of being unnecessarily different from most other prisons in the management of packages and letters. Is it right to heed a few legislators who wanted the Corrections Department to revert back to the original process of mailing? What should be done in response to newspaper editorials’ condemnation of the changes believed to be unnecessary? Figure 1 shows the contents of The First Amendment, as follows: Figure 1. The First Amendment â€Å"CONGRESS SHALL MAKE NO LAW RESPECTING AN ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGION , OR PROHIBITING THE FREE EXERCISE THEREOF; OR ABRIDGING THE FREEDOM OF SPEECH, OR OF THE PRESS; OR THE RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE PEACEABLY TO ASSEMBLE, AND TO PETITION THE GOVERNMENT FOR A REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES.† Included in the first amendment are the following implied situations: 1. Censorship is a violation of the freedom of speech. (SCJ Stewart, Potter 1966, Ginzberg v. US, 383 US 463) 2. â€Å"The right to think is the beginning of freedom†¦speech is the beginning of thought.† (SCJ Kennedy, Anthony M. in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition) B.

Abolitionist Women in 1790-1850 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abolitionist Women in 1790-1850 - Research Paper Example As the Victorian cultural age began to seep into the previous colonies, the rights that women previously enjoyed began to be stripped away. The history of the abolitionist movement among white women was an attempt to better than position in the newly formed United States of America. Not only did these women want to gain more political clout but also to recapture the rights that were taken away. The women who took a stand prior to 1790 became the forerunners in the women’s abolitionist movement. Immigrants came to North America to get away from persecution in Europe in hopes of being able to have the ability to live their lives how they say fit. In the new country there was the ability to make the laws they want, in the manner that benefited the community the most. Because of this the laws and regulations regarding voting and land owning were different that of Europe. Initially women held many of the same rights as their male counterparts. This was due to both a lack of populat ion as well as many of these women held positions of power in their home countries and that attitude carried over to when they immigrated to the United States. Most of the colonies before 1776 and the creation of the United States allowed women to vote in elections. When the states gained the power to rewrite their constitutions, many retracted the right and refused to allow women the freedom to vote. It was only New Jersey who maintained the right to vote for women in the 19th century when the men who held power stripped the right as well. Although women were not allowed to publically voice their opinion, many were still maintained as the head of household, and their husbands listened to what the women were saying. Women have always held a position of power inside the home, while men tended to be powerful outside the home. Because of this, many women began to meet while husband worked to talk about the political and social issues of the time. When their husbands returned home, thes e homemakers related what they learned and how they felt to their husbands who in turn responded by voting a specific way. These small groups of women also began to vocally demand change with a lot of the societal issues of the time. What began as small home based groups quickly turned into large groups of women meeting to discuss suffrage and other issues occurring in their respective areas. Due to the Victorian era of cultural ideals, women were expected to be at home, managing the home and not dealing with political or social issues.1 So when women started to come out of the houses to fight for suffrage and abolishing slavery it was considered scandalous. Due to the causes that women were fighting for, it commonly believed that there should be more black women than white women. Many of the issues these women fought against directly impacted the black populations. However during the abolitionist movements of the late 1790s and early 1800s the majority of women who were vocal were white.2 This is not to say that there were not highly vocal black women, but the majority of the abolitionist movements were white women. Soon after the United States became a country, individual states began to take away many of the rights that women held prior to 1776. This caused many women to stand up for their rights. In the beginning they were viewed as a group of women who had too much time on their hands, and could cause no real waves in both the social or political realms. In 1780 however laws started to be passed that allowed a method for slaves to become free. This led to the Northwest Ordinance of 1878 that stated all slaves northwest of the Ohio River were free, and prohibited the act of slavery.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final Project - Essay Example The First Amendment protects the rights of individuals, including prisoners, to their freedom of communication via letters. It makes Jail Officers wonder why other charges like harassment or deprivation from access to court were included in the complaints. Knowing the drug syndicates have lots of means to access lawyers and media, this can be a clear indication of the effectiveness of the new Mail management system against unwanted activities in jail. Or Civil Rights Groups may be right up to a certain extent. There should be more transparency and clarifications concerning the initiatives of the Department of Corrections. What should be made known to the public ought to appease every listener and definitely satisfy courts and lawyers as soon as they hear those explanations for clarifications. The government’s lawyer should be made to clarify that the procedures are merely temporary. And the reason for its being temporary ought to be further explained to judges behind closed do ors. Security measures require some level of confidentiality and private discussions among lawyers and judges only. II.Details A.Statement of Facts A new mail policy of the Department of Correction dictated the specification for incoming and outgoing communications by saying that communication â€Å"must be on a 5x7 inch pre-stamped postcard†. Even the ink color was restricted. Return address had to be either written or printed. Adhesive label was not allowed. However, there were logical reasons connected to law enforcement against the entry of contraband through mails. The other reason was not directly related to law enforcement, because the Correction Officers simply wanted to make it easier for them to manage the mails daily in the light of insufficient Staff. There was also a policy that would provide three FREE postcards per week for indigents. To be considered indigent, the prisoner â€Å"must have less than $ 10.00 balance for 45 days prior to the request for indigent supplies.† If not indigent, a prisoner will have to buy the 5 x 7 postcard for $0.50 cents per post card. As a result of these changes, the Department of Corrections received complaint suits for violating the 1st Amendment civil rights pertaining to freedom of expression. Complainants also accused the department of invading the privacy of prisoners, of interfering with the prisoners’ access to the courts, of harassing prisoners, of not having a legitimate purpose, of being unnecessarily different from most other prisons in the management of packages and letters. Is it right to heed a few legislators who wanted the Corrections Department to revert back to the original process of mailing? What should be done in response to newspaper editorials’ condemnation of the changes believed to be unnecessary? Figure 1 shows the contents of The First Amendment, as follows: Figure 1. The First Amendment â€Å"CONGRESS SHALL MAKE NO LAW RESPECTING AN ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGION , OR PROHIBITING THE FREE EXERCISE THEREOF; OR ABRIDGING THE FREEDOM OF SPEECH, OR OF THE PRESS; OR THE RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE PEACEABLY TO ASSEMBLE, AND TO PETITION THE GOVERNMENT FOR A REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES.† Included in the first amendment are the following implied situations: 1. Censorship is a violation of the freedom of speech. (SCJ Stewart, Potter 1966, Ginzberg v. US, 383 US 463) 2. â€Å"The right to think is the beginning of freedom†¦speech is the beginning of thought.† (SCJ Kennedy, Anthony M. in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition) B.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Appropriation of The Department of Defense From The Federal Budget Essay

Appropriation of The Department of Defense From The Federal Budget - Essay Example According to the Department of Defense, the Bush administration in the US has fought the war on terror on the offensive to counter any proposed, planned terror attacks and to uproot terror camps in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq. The Defense department has claimed that the US military has been able to remove threats to US security in Afghanistan and Iraq and has liberated 50 million people of these countries. The Defense department has also claimed that it has raised pay levels for US service men and women and the rise in pay levels has been 21% with expanded targeted pays and bonuses. The military personnel and their families are also provided with better services and housing through new constructions and privatization. The defense budget has also shown an increased spending by 26% and this has been able to transform the Nation's defenses with the largest increase in military spending recorded since the Reagan administration. To improve readiness rates, transformational and joi nt training program has also been launched in the defense department with increased research and development funding by 56%. The Defense department has also claimed that there has been doubled investments in missile defense systems and the first ever land and sea based systems have been deployed (provided by the Department of Defense statement, 2005). The US defense agenda thus seems to be based on a war on terror, improving housing quality of military personnel, increased research and development in defense sectors, and increased pay for military personnel. The Department of defense gives further arguments in favour of an increased defense budget since the time of Reagan's presidential administration. According to the Department of Defense, the following reasons of Defense spending have been advanced. According to the Department of Defense, the Bush administration's agenda and defense spending - advances and promotes US' ongoing efforts in the Global War on Terror; provides for $401.7 billion of Defense Department's base budget, and this indicates an annual increase of seven percent, for a total increase in defense spending of 35 percent since 2001; makes considerable progress in transforming the Department to meet new threats and prepared to face new challenges; and continues improvements in the quality of life for US military personnel and their families by providing them with higher pay and better homes. (Department of Defense, 2005) Global war on terror and the need to meet new threats seem to have shaped the defense budget and increased defense spending to a whopping $401.7 billion with an annual increase of 7% and a total increase of as high as 35% since 2001. In comparison, China's Defense budget has also increased from $22 billion to nearly $30 billion in 2005. Thus although US defense spending seems to have shown a steady rise since the September 11 attacks in 2001, China's defense budget has shown drastic increases after 2002. China's defense spending may have been attempting to keep pace with other countries and defense budget has increased by 12.6%. China's defense spending is higher than that of Taiwan, India or South Korea. Although China's defense s

Monday, October 14, 2019

Nt Was There Consensus In Post War British Politics Politics Essay

Nt Was There Consensus In Post War British Politics Politics Essay In the context of politics, the term consensus can be defined as a broad agreement exists between parties on important areas of policy  [1]  . Despite first being used as early as the 1950s, the word consensus came to prominence in 1975 when Paul Addison used it to describe the perceived similarities in the goals and policies of the alternating Labour and Conservative governments in the post-war period. The end of World War II was arguably a catalyst for the implementation of ideas  [2]  which had been building for decades prior to the outbreak of war. However, the supposed consensus which existed began to disintegrate in the late 1970s. Commentators, including Brian Harrison, have pinned its demise to 1975 and the appointment of Margaret Thatcher as Conservative party leader due to her struggle (against) those who pursued consensus  [3]  . Crucially, the notion of consensus has not been met with universal acceptance; historians, including Pimlott, have suggested it was a myth, proposing that consensus is a mirage; an illusion that rapidly fades the closer one gets to it  [4]  . In spite of this however, it will be argued that there was indeed agreement between the major parties on fundamental issues. However, the parties often differed in terms of attitude and approach, thus suggesting that consensus is too strong a word to describe this period. Concurring with Hennessy that post-war settlement  [5]  is perhaps a more appropriate description, this essay will take a thematic approach, assessing the degree of consensus in regard to three key areas: economic policy; social policy; and finally foreign and defence policy. Perhaps the most significant area in which to measure the extent of political consensus is through the assessment of economic policy in the post-war period. Public ownership is an area in which, ideologically at least, Labour and the Conservatives should have had divergent views. However, during the late 1940s, coal, gas, electricity, iron and steel were all nationalised and, by the early 1950s, 20 per cent of industry and commerce was state-controlled  [6]  . Crucially, it was a Labour government responsible for the nationalisation statues in the 1940s while the Conservatives remained opposed to such measures, pledging to reverse the statutes and return industry to the private sector. Whilst such plans were never realised, it would be too simplistic to make the assumption that this meant a consensus had been reached. Rather, a convincing case can be made to suggest that a compromise, as opposed to agreement, was reached, with the Conservatives accepting public ownership unwillin gly  [7]  because they sought to avoid causing further disruption. However unwilling the Conservatives may have been, it is clear that, at least until the early 1970s, public ownership remained a point of consensus between the two main parties; the only significant change in this field occurred in 1964 with the renationalisation of iron and steel by Wilsons Labour government. Moreover, strategy towards employment is arguably another key aspect of post-war economic policy which initially points towards a consensus between the two main parties. Following the mass unemployment which characterised the inter-war period, the Second World War virtually eradicated this problem. Understandably, both Labour and the Conservatives sought to maintain this at the end of the war, as outlined in the White Paper on Employment in 1944 which stated that the maintenance of a high and stable level of employment  [8]  would be a key priority for post-war governments. The belief in Keynesianism and commitment to full employment was maintained for three decades, with unemployment averaging less than 3 per cent between 1945 and 1970  [9]  . Whilst at first this appears to be a clear indicator of consensus, a strong case can be made to suggest that both parties were motivated by pragmatism, believing that full employment was good politics  [10]  as it kept morale high and people in work, thus increasing their likelihood of re-election. Furthermore, it is clear that the Conservatives were arguably reluctant partners in the commitment to full employment. Whilst Labour declared its support for introducing measures in the private sector to help achieve full employment, the Conservatives showed a greater degree of reticence. Throughout the 1950s, the Conservatives pledged only to maintain  [11]  present policy, with Kavanagh suggesting this was merely an attempt to live down their reputation as the party of unemployment in the 1930s  [12]  . Subtly, this suggests that the only real source of consensus was in the rhetoric of both parties who both claimed to be advocates of Keynesian economics despite, however, speaking it with different accents and differing emphasis  [13]  . What is more, a third significant aspect of economic policy which, on the surface, suggests a strong degree of consensus in the post-war period concerns trade unions. Perhaps somewhat surprisingly, trade unions retained their important role in politics for another thirty years after the Labour defeat in 1951 because, as Peter Dorey asserts, both parties accepted the desirability of working with, rather than against  [14]  trade unions. Demonstrating the extent of the consensus, in the late 1940s, the Conservative party asserted its acceptance of, and commitment to  [15]  trade unionism. A convincing case can be made to suggest that both parties had converging views on trade unions because they appreciated the symbiotic relationship between government and the unions. The avoidance of the 1953 railway strike is a prime example of this; the strike was prevented following close negotiations between the government and National Union of Railwaymen, demonstrating what could be achie ved by close co-operation between the two  [16]  . However, it is important to assess the nature of the perceived consensus. Significantly, trade unions have been described by the likes of the historian Matthias Matthijs as Labours paymasters  [17]  due to the large proportion of party funding they provided. In contrast, the Conservatives were independent from the trade unions and were, thus, more critical of trade unionism, seeking to reform the way in which unions functioned. Therefore, it is clear that, despite sharing the same fundamental belief in the importance of trade unions, both parties had differing attitudes and approaches as a result of their conflicting interests. A further key area, which is essential to discuss in order to assess the extent to which there was a consensus in post-war British politics, is social policy, with particular reference to the National Health Service, welfare, and education. A strong argument can be made to support the assertion that there was indeed a great deal of consensus between the two main parties regarding the welfare state. By the fall of the Labour government in 1951, the foundations were arguably complete but, crucially, if the newly-elected Conservative government had reversed Labours plans, the NHS and welfare state would not have come into existence. The very fact that the Conservatives chose to continue with Labours plans implies a mutual appreciation and acceptance of the key principles  [18]  which underpinned welfare provision. In fact, every government, regardless of party, committed to maintaining and improving  [19]  the welfare state, except for the Heath government between 1970 and 1972. Moreover, following the publication of the Beveridge Report in 1942, it is plausible to suggest that the NHS and welfare state represented more than simply a consensus on policy; instead, the report arguably profoundly influenced both parties and subtly suggests a consensus in their beliefs and principles. This assertion is supported by the likes of Rodney Lowe, who argues that there was now an understanding that government could assume a positive  [20]  role in improving the lives of its citizens. However, despite evidence of a strong, universal commitment to the welfare state between 1945 and 1974, there is evidence of greater divergence between the two parties over time, particularly with regards to the provision of social services and education. Crucially, in the 1960s, elements within the Conservative party began to doubt  [21]  the concept of universal welfare provision, believing instead that selectivity would both reduce welfare spending whilst also targetting those who needed help most. These divisions continued to grow throughout the 1960s and early 1970s as right-wing Conservatives began claim(ing) that high levels of welfare spending were (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) undermining the economy  [22]  . Similarly, with regard to education, on the surface at least, this appeared to be a source of consensus; the Education Act of 1944 was conceived by the Conservatives but enacted by Labour, suggesting a common vision for secondary education in Britain. However, as noted by N ick Ellison, there was conflict between the two parties regarding comprehensive and private education. The division on this issue highlights the fundamental ideological differences which existed between Labour and the Conservatives; Labours egalitarian perspective contrasted markedly with Conservative education policy  [23]  . Significantly, this illustrates the limitations of consensus, suggesting that party ideology was not compromised in the name of consensus. Finally, a third broad area which requires discussion in order to determine the extent to which there was a consensus in post-war British politics is foreign and defence policy, with particular reference to Europe, decolonisation and the British Commonwealth. The debate surrounding European integration can be seen, on the surface at least, as evidence of consensus in the post-war period. Throughout the 1950s, both parties remained opposed  [24]  to various ventures, including the formation of the Coal and Steel community in 1950 and, later in 1954, the establishment of a European Defence Community. However, by the 1960s, both parties simultaneously came to accept that joining the European Economic Community was the best way to protect British interests  [25]  . Crucially, the issue of European integration highlights an important feature of the consensus; whilst governments of both parties shared the same views on European integration, this was not necessarily representative o f the opinions of party members, thus stressing the elitist nature of consensus politics and its divorce from party opinion  [26]  . Furthermore, the policy of decolonisation, achieved through the granting of independence to colonies and the subsequent transition to a Commonwealth, marked a clear departure from the policies pursued by Britain prior to the Second World War. Despite the drastic change in direction, both parties appear, in rhetoric at least, to have shared a common vision for the British Empire in the post-war era. This is highlighted in their 1950 election manifestos in which both Labour and the Conservatives outlined their commitment to the Commonwealth and decolonisation. The similarity in the language used is striking; Labour outlined its desire to strengthen  [27]  the association between nations while the Conservatives pledged to and promote and support  [28]  the Commonwealth. On the one hand, this can be perceived as highlighting the true extent to which both parties shared a united vision for post-war foreign policy. However, manifesto rhetoric does not always truly represent the vie ws of the party. Anthony Seldon concurs with this, claiming that Labour was enthusiastic  [29]  while the Conservatives were more reluctant  [30]  about the prospect of decolonisation. However, there are several aspects where there is generally less debate regarding the extent of consensus between the main parties. For instance, both Labour and the Conservatives recognised the value of maintaining a nuclear deterrent and were also of the same view regarding the importance of both Britains membership to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and the maintenance of close links with the USA  [31]  . Thus, it is clear that, whilst there were key elements of consensus in post-war foreign and domestic policy, there are also several examples of disagreement. Overall, in assessing economic, social and foreign policy between 1945 and 1974, this essay has highlighted numerous points upon which Labour and the Conservative party have shared a common vision for post-war Britain. However, there are also many examples of disagreement and divergence between the main parties. Fundamentally, it is clear that both parties shared broadly similar goals and policies but differed in terms of their attitude and approach to achieving their shared vision. The key issue is one of semantics, however. Historians have differing definitions of consensus, making it all the more difficult to assess the extent to which there was a consensus in this period. If Addisons definition of consensus as a historically unusual degree of agreement over a wide range of economic and social policies  [32]  is accepted, then it is impossible to deny the strength of consensus in the post-war period. Crucially, as Seldon notes, the use of the word consensus can be unhelpful as it is ambiguous, with some historians referring to a consensus over policy  [33]  while others advocate the existence of a deeper, more profound commitment to a set of common beliefs and values  [34]  . However, despite the ambiguity of the word, the extent to which the two main parties agreed on fundamental issues during this thirty year period was arguably unparalleled. In spite of the disagreements which occurred, there were no major shifts in policy and the existence of a broad consensus, amongst the governing elite at least, is undeniable.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Carbon Dioxide :: essays research papers

Carbon Dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that occurs in small quantities in the earth's atmosphere naturally. The earth's ocean, soil, plants and animals release CO2. The formula of Carbon Dioxide is CO2. The CO2 molecule contains 2 oxygen atoms that each share 2 electrons with a carbon atom to form 2 carbon - oxygen double bonds. The atoms are arranged as so (OHT). This is called a 'linear molecule'. Carbon dioxide is commonly found as a gas and is never a liquid. It sublimes to a solid known as 'dry ice' which is used as a substitute for normal ice as it is a lot colder and doesn't melt. Humans and animals breathe out Carbon Dioxide, often referred to as the greenhouse gas, as a waste product. Plants take in this CO2 and use it to make food. This is called photosynthesis. During this process oxygen is released which is then breathed in by humans and animals. This procedure is repeated over and over and a natural balance is obtained. However this natural balance is disrupted by human activity. People of the world are putting more than 5.5 billion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year. 75% of this is caused from the burning of fossil fuels. These fuels are burnt all the time to run factories, power plants and vehicles. The main sources of CO2 emissions are electric utilities, residential buildings, industry and transportation. The other 25% is induced by the destruction of the world's forests. The reason for this is that there are less trees and plants to take in the CO2 but there is just as many, if not more, humans and animals to breathe it out. The amount of CO2 in a planet's atmosphere affects the temperature of the planet. As more and more CO2 builds up in the atmosphere, less heat can escape and the planet gets hotter. The CO2 traps radiation from the sun like a greenhouse. This is called global warming or the greenhouse effect. Global warming is becoming a serious problem and CO2 is the major cause. The earth is now warmer than it has been in 1000's of years. The amount of CO2 deposited in the earth's atmosphere from human activities is expected to double by the year 2050. It could possible increase by four in the future with developing countries, such as China, anxious to improve their standard of living.